[Patient education barriers from nurses' opinions]

Introduction: Patient education is one of the important aspects of nursing care and is among nursing key roles in delivery of health services

Objective: This study aimed to determine the barriers to patient education from nurses' viewpoint employed in educational hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional and descriptiveanalytical study in which 162 nursing personnel were selected by stratified-random sampling method. In order to perform the sampling according to the population of each hospital, the numbers of samples were determined. Data were collected with a two-part questionnaire. First part contained personal and demographic information such as age, sex, marital status, education and working experience. The second part included 19 questions on patient education barriers which evaluated four domains of working conditions, management, nursing attitude and training skills. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square statistical test. Answers were designed based on a Likert scale from low to average and high impact with scores of 1-3, respectively. In management domain, the scores ranged from 6 to 18. Scores less than 10 showed "low impact", 10 to 14 "average impact" and more than 14 "high impact". In the domain of working conditions, similar scores were obtained. The findings displayed that nurses' attitude ranged from 2 to 6 scores. Scores less than 3 showed "low impact", 3-4.5 "average impact" and more than 4.5 "high impact". In domain of training skills, scores ranged from 5 to 15. Scores less than 8 indicated "low impact", 8 to 11.5 "average impact" and more than 11.5 "high impact". The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-square. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Health Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd

Results: In this study, 149 of the 162 questionnaires were answered indicating92% response rate. The data showed that 45.2% of male nurses and 47.3% of female nurses blamed working condition barriers with highest impact on the implementation of patient education. Moreover, 45.8% of single and 47.5% of married nurses had the same opinion. Chi-square test found no significant relationship between the variables of age, sex, working experience, employment status, marital status, and educational level with patient education barriers [P>/=0.05]. The data showed that 31.5% of nurses believed that barriers related to management had the greatest impact on the implementation of patient education followed by 47.7% barriers to working condition, 2.7% attitude of nurses and 14.1% training skills. Chi-square test showed a significant correlation between the domains of working condition and type of hospital [P=0.048]. Working condition was proved as the most important factor. Management was the second factor followed by training skills as the third. Finally, attitude of nurses was identified as the least important patient education barrier. The results of the present study revealed three factors with highest impact as education barriers in nurses' opinion; high working load [74.5%], insufficient nursing stuff in wards [71.8%] and nursing shifts in a row [70.4%] in working condition domain. The study population reported three factors with lowest impact; training as a specific task assigned for doctors [54.4%], lack of nurses 'self-confidence for training [43.5%] and not delivering the trainings to patients [40.3%]

Conclusion: In attention to that the domain of nurses working conditions had the greatest impact on the education of the patients, it is recommended that official authorities to maintain nursing resource in hospitals and reduce their workload and provide facilities and conditions for educational programs to encourage nurses to consider this important issue

[Determination of aflatoxins B1 and B2 in powdered milk using modified liquid chromatography method]

In this study, using a liquid-liquid microextraction method for pre-concentration trace amounts of aflatoxins, the amount of Aflatoxins B1 and B2 in powdered milk was determined. Determination of aflatoxins was done by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescent detector. Samples were extracted by immunoaffinity column [IAC] clean-up, and their eluents were used as dispersants of the subsequent DLLME, for further enrichment of aflatoxins. Various parameters [the type of elution solvent, the type and volume of extraction solvent and disperser solvent, extraction time and centrifugation time] that affect the efficiency of two steps were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the calibrations for B1 and B2 were found to be linear in the range of 0.03-5.0 and 0.006-1.0 ng ml-1 with 0.98 and 0.99 coefficient of estimation [R2], respectively. The results showed that dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with HPLC is a selective, simple, sensitive and effective analytical method for the pre-concentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of aflatoxins. The method is suggested for pre-concentration and determination of B1 and B2 aflatoxins in milk powder

[Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II among high risk groups in Sanandaj in 2010]

HTLV-I is the etiological cause of adult T-lymphocytic leukemia [ATL] and a chronic degenerative neurologic disorder, called tropical spastic paraparesis [TSP]. HTLV infection can be transmitted through different ways: from mother to child or fetus, sexual intercourse, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, and sharing contaminated syringe needles. As the presence of these infections in high risk groups can be an approximate indicator of their prevalence in the society and blood donors, in this study was tried to find prevalence of HTLV in HIV positive or negative intravenous drug users [IVDU; patients with major thalassemia, and hemodialysis patients, in Sanandaj. This descriptive study included 351 cases: 130 HIV positive and 110 HIV negative intravenous drug users [IVDU], 46 cases of major thalassemia, and 65 hemodialysis patients. All participants completed written informed consent forms. After obtaining blood samples and serum separation, all specimens were kept in freezer at -20[degree sign]C up to the time of analysis. Serum samples were screened for measurement of the titers of HTLV I and II antibodies by Dia-Pro ELISA kits, manufactured in Italy. Positive and suspicious reactions were reanalyzed. For confirmation of positive and suspicious reactions, samples with one positive reaction were examined by use of western blot kid [HTLV blot 2.4, manufactured by MP Diagnostics in Switzerland]. Data were entered into SPSS 16 software and the prevalence rates of these viruses were obtained by using frequency distribution table. The results of this study showed that one HIV positive, one HIV negative patient and another patient with major thalassemia were HTLV I positive [0.85%]. None of the hemodialysis patients had antibody against HTLV type 1. We did not find any antibody against HTLV type 2 in our study. The prevalence rate of HTLV [types 1 and 2] among these high risk groups was not high in Sanandaj. This may reflect its low prevalence in general population and in blood donors. However, it is necessary to take preventive measures to reduce its spread. To assess the exact prevalence rate we recommend screening of all donated blood samples and general population

[Effect of short-term supplementation of cocoa on platelet factors [Plt, MPV, PDW] of athlete male's blood after an exhaustive aerobic exercise]

Cardiovascular diseases [CVD] are among the most important causes of death and disability all around the world. Blood cells, especially platelets, may play a crucial role in pathophysiology of these disorders. Considering the increased risk of thrombosis after acute physical activities, and the role of the platelets in these disorders, many nutritional approaches had been evaluated for the prevention of thrombosis. Recently, the effects of cocoa consumption on hemostasis have recently attracted the attention of many researchers. In this study we evaluated the effects of cocoa consumption on platelet count, mean platelet volume [MPV], and platelet distribution width [PDW], during one session of incremental exhausting aerobic exercise in male soccer players. This semi-experimental study included 20 healthy volunteer male soccer players [age: 22 +/- 1years; BF%: 22.5 +/- 1.2; VO2max:52.6 +/- 1.5 ml.kg-1.min]. After written consent, all subjects performed Bruce Test within two successive weeks. After the first blood sampling [stage one], 0.5 mg/kg of placebo [0.5 g cocoa powder in 300 ml of 4% sucrose solution] or cocoa solution [18.75 g cocoa powder in 300 ml 4% sucrose solution] was randomly given to the subjects. All cases performed Bruce Test two hours later. Blood samples were collected just before Bruce Test [second stage], immediately after Bruce Test [third stage] and 1 hour after Bruce Test [fourth stage]. After preparation of peripheral blood smears, platelet count, MPV and PDW were measured by Mindray cell counter. Using spss 16, data were analyzed by means of two-factor analysis of variance [ANOVA] and Bonfferoni test at the level 0.01. Our results indicated a significant decrease in platelet count, MPV, and PDW after cocoa consumption [P<0.01]. In addition, there was a significant difference between the 2 groups in these values after Bruse Test [P<0.01]. However, in spite of significant increase in platelet count, MPV, and PDW after Bruse Test, cocoa consumption 2 hours before the test decreased these values significantly [P<0.01]. Cocoa consumption before exhaustive physical exercises may prevent exercise induced increase in the platelet indices; hence, potentially can prevent cardiovascular and thrombotic events and sudden death in the athletes

Frequency of intestinal parasites in diarrhea patients in Gorgan, 2005-2011

In many countries, especially in developing countries, diarrheal diseases are among the most important causes of mortality. In these countries, due to availability of transfer conditions of parasitic infections, [pathogenic and non-pathogenic parasite] the prevalence of these disorders is high. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of parasites causing diarrhea in Gorgan. This cross-sectional study was performed on 1086 patients with acute diarrhea using wet-mount method and formalin-ether concentration test, according to WHO protocol. of 1086, 197 [18.1%] are infected with intestinal parasites, 141 [13%] with Protozoa and 79 [7.27%] with intestinal worms. The prevalence, using wet-mount method, of Entamoeba histolytica is 69 [6.4%], Giardia lamblia is 27 [2.5%], entamoeba coli is 15 [1.4%] and chilomastix mesnili is 8 [0.7%]. With formalin-ether method, Hymenolepis nana in 26 [2.4%], Trichostrongylus in 16 [1.5%], Enterobius vermicularis in 10 [0.9%] are observed. The high prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica shows the leading role of this parasite in causing acute diarrhea. Having knowledge about epidemiology and applying rapid diagnostic procedures can be helpful to promote public health

[Correlation of total serum magnesium level with clinical outcomes in stroke patients]

Magnesium [Mg] ion has possible role in protecting neurons and glia from ischemic damage through the cerebral blood flow and neuronal action. This study was done to evaluate the correlation of total serum Mg level with clinical outcomes in stroke patients. This cross sectional study was done on 316 patients whom diagnosed with stroke in Imam Hossein hospital, Tehran, Iran during 2010-11. Mg levels in all patients were measured. Also, recurrent transient ischemic attack [TIA], recurrent myocardial infarction or stroke, unstable angina and death as clinical outcomes were follow-up for period of 3 and 6 months after admission. Data were analyzed using SPSS-18, Chi-Square, Fisher and Pearson correlation tests. The mean age of patients was 65 +/- 15.8 year. Limb weakness [69.9%] and haemoplasia with 63.6% were the most common clinical complaints. Death was the most common finding in 3 month [16.8%] and recurrent stroke was the most common finding in 6 month follow up [2.5%]. There was no significant difference between the total serum Mg and the first and second three-months follow up of clinical outcomes. This study can not show a significant correlation between total serum Mg levels and clinical outcomes after 3 and 6 month follow up in stroke patients

Correlation -IL17A and RANKL concentration in GCF with periodontal disease

Periodontal diseases consist of chronic inflammation in periodontal tissues that induced by periodontophathic bacteria and develop by host immune responses. Several studies reported that IL-17 and RANKL are important in autoimmune diseases, inflammation and bone resorption. Since the exact role of them remains unknown, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between IL-17A or RANKL concentrations and periodontal diseases. In this analytical and case control study; GCF samples were collected from forty patients with gingivitis and moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis referred to the periodontics clinic of Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences. IL-17A and RANKL were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The differences of IL-17 and RANKL concentration analyzed between gingivitis and periodontitis, by Mann-Whitney U- test. The protein level of IL-17A was significantly higher in periodontitis group, while there was not any significant difference regarding RANKL concentration. The elevated level of IL-17A in periodontitis suggests that IL-17A might be an important cytokine in pathogenesis of periodontal disease, which presumably exerts its effect independent of RANKL. Correlations between concentration IL-17A with PD and CAL amplify the role of IL-17A in periodontal tissue destruction

[Design patterns in the crisis management Shohada hospital]

Iran is the fourth disaster prone country in Asia and tenth in the world. It constantly exposed to natural and manmade disasters and terrorist attacks. The paper is going to develop a crisis management plan for Shohada hospital. In this study, firstly crisis management programs in America and Europe are amended and compiled. Then, by providing aerial maps and positioning of units' establishment, the involved officials will provide necessary training and functional exercises in order to examine the lessons learned when the hospital is intact or has been destroyed Regarding the pre-designed organization chart training immediately after disaster, the program should be planned and hospital crisis committee comprising various units of the hospital should be established and a responsible associated with three successors considered for each unit. The operation should be started following the issuance of Chief of Staff to the hospital president and to the authorities of the units. Then, the authorities should recall their personnel, accomplish the predetermined tasks and also should end the operation by top officials command. The results indicated that the hospital crisis management programs should be compiled based on available facilities and equipment regarding the natural disasters around the world, failure of managers responsible for controlling crises such as Taiwan earthquake, and lack of adequate facilities to deal with nuclear and chemistry crises in America. At the end, the strength and weak points should be examined by providing the necessity training and performing as maneuver for the involved authorities in the hospital

effect of calendula officinalis in therapy of acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in dog as an animal model

In patients with ulcerative colitis [UC], the repeated cycle of injury and repair of intestinal mucosa has been reported to increase the risk of colon cancer. So, a safe and efficient therapy is required for the treatment and prophylaxis for the disease. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of Calendula officinalis extract in treatment of experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in dog animal model. During fall 2010, 10 out-bred female German dogs [1-2 years old; weighs of 20-25 kg] were enrolled. Ulcerative colitis was induced with 6% acetic acid as enema and method of treatment was retrograde [via enema] too by C. officinalis. Loose stools, diarrhea, gross bleeding and loss of body weight happened after administration of acetic acid and crypt damage, loss of epithelium, infiltration of inflammatory cells and depletion of goblet cells were noticed histologically. C. officinalis could successfully resolve the damages of UC. Treatment with C. officinalis can broaden the current therapy options for UC

[Effect of hydrostatic pressure on in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes]

Examining of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes. Female NMRI mice 6-8-week-old was selected. Antral follicles with diameter of 500 micro m were isolated from ovaries. Then follicles were divided into control and experiment groups. In experiment group, follicles were transferred to pressure chamber and subjected to 20 mm pressure for 30 min. Follicles without pressure exposure used as control. Each follicle cultured individually in 100 micro l alpha-MEM supplemented with 5% FBS, 100 mlU/ml rFSH, 10 ng/ml rEGF and 7.5 lU/ml HCG for in vitro maturation, under mineral oil. Follicles from two groups were cultured for 48 h and evaluated in vitro maturation of oocyte by the percentage of oocytes in GV, GVBD and MIL Viability of oocytes and cumulus cells was assessed with nuclear vital staining [propidium iodide and bisbensamide]. The results showed that, exposure to hydrostatic pressure improved the oocyte in vitro maturation. After 24 h the percentage of GVBD and metaphase [MII] oocytes increased in hydrostatic pressure treated follicles compared to control [P<0.05]. After 48 h, the percentage of metaphase [MII] oocytes increased in hydrostatic pressure treated follicles compared to control [P<0.05]. Furthermore, a significant increase in the cumulus cells was observed [P<0.05]. Hydrostatic pressure had no effect on oocyte viability. It seems that hydrostatic pressure can be a cell death inducer in cumulus cells. Hydrostatic pressure may play a role in oocyte maturation and fertilization by improving in releasing and mediating signals to oocyte by increasing cell death in cumulus cells

[Practical hospital disaster planning]

Considering the importance of emergency medical practice as a therapeutic specialty taking into account our country's being the fourth Asian country in regard to frequency of Natural disasters and 10th country in the world, an emergency reaction program has been prepared and executed in one of referral hospitals in Tehran. In the current study a formerly prepared procedure used in European hospitals is taken as the base on which the study is conducted. The modes are then modified as dictated by climatic, cultural and clinical conditions of Iran. An aerial map of Imam Hossein Hospital is used to depict the positions of field units and command centers when it's partially dilapidated. Necessary training based on this procedure was provided to the staff and the program was followed to the practice phase and a maneuver was then conducted. The program should be prepared in such a way to constitute immediate establishment of crisis committee comprised of: 1] head of the hospital, 2] Para clinic unit [including laboratory, Radiology and blook bank], 3] nursing unit [triage, coordination], 4] guarding unit and sentinels, 5] dispatching and discharging unit, 6] psychiatric and social work unit, 7] freezers and refrigeration unit, 8] emergency evacuation unit, 9] installations and maintenance unit, 10] logistics and transport unit, 11] communication unit, 12] public relations and media unit, 13] reception unit, 14] bio Nucleuchemical unit, 15] specialized units. Each unit is headed by a director for whom 3 surrogates should be designated who would immediately take the director's place if and when necessary. After preparing such plan extensive and comprehensive training should be given to hospital staff or whoever which would be engaged in such reaction. Eventually the readiness of the staff should be evaluated through simulated situations and maneuvers. It's hoped that god willing we could reduce losses caused by Natural disasters in the future

[Pregnancy complications among hospital operating room personnel in Fars province-Iran]

Anesthetic agents effect on pregnancy in operating room personnel is a challenge in anesthesiology. This study was carried out to determined pregnancy complications among hospital operating room personals in Fars province-Iran. In this case-control study, 122 women working in operating rooms of governmental Fars province hospitals during their pregnancies with different jobs considered as case group. 122 women working in internal and pediatric wards considered as control group. The history of pregnancy complications including infertility, abortion, preterm labor, fetal death, neonatal death and low birth weight obtained using questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 software and Chi-Square test. The incidence of abortion was 19.8% and 16% in case and control group respectively, this difference was not statistically significant. Infertility was significantly higher [8.2% versus 2.5%] in case group than control group [P<0.05]. No significant differences in incidence of preterm labor, fetal death, neonatal death and low birth weight were seen between two groups. This study showed that the incidence of pregnancy complications is similar between women working in operating room and those working in other hospital wards but the prevalence of infertility is higher in operating room personnel than those of other wards

[Comparative study on anti-Helicobacter pylori effects of licorice roots collected from different regions of Iran]

Helicobacter pylori infection is common in gastrointestinal tract and lead to gastritis, peptic ulcer and finally stomach cancer. Many synthetic drugs are used to eradicate the bacteria but there are some problems in treatment due to drug resistance and frequent relapses of infection. Herbal drugs are very important in the case. Glycyrrhiza glabra is used for treatment of H. pylori infection. This plant grows in different regions of Iran, therefore, investigation of anti H. pylori effects of the plant collected from different growing area is important. The aim of this study is determination of MIC of licorice roots collected from different regions of Iran against H. pylori in order to introduce the best growing area of the plant. Roots of the plant were collected from Kerman, Kermanshah, Sirjan, Sarhadd [Fars province], Istahban [Fars province], Ghasredasht [Fars province], Najaf Abad [Isfahan province], Ganjnameh [Hamedan province], Ekbatan [Hamedan province], Mahabad, Khorram Abad and Ardabil and extracted by using ethanol 80%. MIC of each extract was determined against three clinical isolated strains of H. pylori which obtained during endoscopy procedure. The results showed that susceptibilities of three clinical isolated bacteria to the licorice extracts are different. Among the studied extracts, licorice roots collected from Ardabil showed the lowest MIC [at least: 125 ppm] and all strains were almost resistant to the extract from Mahabad. It is concluded that drug resistance is observed in herbals just like synthetic drugs. Moreover, in order to achieve best therapeutic results, before using an herbal preparation for treatment a disorder, growing area of a medicinal herb should be considered

[ effects of aerobic exercises on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in inactive aged men]

Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis are two main components of homeostasis. Lack of balance between activities of these systems and their controlling mechanisms can lead to bleeding and clot formation. There are controversial reports about the effect of physical activities on these systems. The effect of aerobic exercise on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in inactive old men has not been determined in the previous studies and these factors have direct relationship with cardio vascular problems. In this study we evaluated the effect of this kind of exercise on some of the factors of these systems. This was an experimental study. Sampling method was convenient. For this purpose, 16 male volunteers with age range of 60-70 years were divided randomly into 2 groups: control and aerobic groups [n1=n2=8]. Aerobic group performed physical exercise with ergometer in the first 2 weeks with 65%HRmax intensity for 30 minutes, and the next 2 weeks with 75% HRmax intensity for 35 minutes. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first, and 24 hours after the last training sessions. Fibrinogen, prothrombin time [PT], partial thromboplastin time [PTT], platelet counts and D-dimer were measured in both groups before and after training. Differences between the above mentioned factors in each person, before and after training, and between test and control groups were analyzed by means of t-test. Data analyses showed that aerobic training induced significant decrease in fibrinogen, PTT, PT and platelets counts [p<0.05], and significant increase in D-dimer [p<0.05]. These changes were not observed in the control group [p>0.05]. According to the findings of this study we concluded that 12 sessions of aerobic training can decrease coagulation factors and increase fibrinolytic factors of the blood and can prevent vascular thrombosis

[Effect of methanolic and n-hexanic extracts of allium porrum L. on some human coagulation tests in vitro]

Allium porrum L. is a plant from the Liliaceae family and has been used in Iranian foods as flavor. It has been used in traditional medicine in different ways. In the western parts of Iran, people believe that the fresh Allium juice can inhibit epistaxis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of methanolic and n-hexanic extracts of Allium porrum L. on coagulation tests in human beings in vitro. The methanolic and n-hexanic extracts of Allium porrum L. were prepared using continuous extraction method. Effect of different concentrations of extracts on prothrombin time [PT], partial thromboplastin time [PTT] and clotting time [CT] was evaluated. The result was analyzed by analysis of variance. The results of the present study showed that the methanolic extract of Allium porrum increased PT and PTT but failed to change the clotting time. In the presence of N-hexanic extract, clotting time increased but PT decreased. The results of this study indicated that Allium porrum extracts had a significant anti-coagulatory effect. However, some of the findings of this study are controversial, and further studies on animal models are needed in order to clarify the possible mechanisms

[Study of-629C/A polymorphism of cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene in statin effects on plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol level]

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein [CETP] plays pivotal role in HDL metabolism and in reverse cholesterol transport [RCT] pathway. CETP gene variants such as-629C/A that affect HDL cholesterol directly, modulates CETP gene transcriptional activity. This study was aimed to determine influence of-629C/A polymorphism of CETP in statin effects with regard to plasma HDL cholesterol levels. In this descriptive-analytical study, 196 adult patients with LDL-C more than 120mg/dL were divided into two groups base on lovastatin and atorvastatin using. Lipid profile was measured in all subjects before and after treatment and-629C/A polymorphism of CETP promoter was studied using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Data were compared with paired t-test and ANOVA in SPSS software. Cholesterol was decreased and HDL was increased in AA genotype more than other genotypes by lovastatin, but ApoA1 was increased in CC genotype. ApoA1 also was increased in CC genotype more than AA or AC genotypes by atorvastatin. In CC genotype, lovastatin and specially atorvastatin increased ApoA1 in HDL particles more than other genotypes. Therefore, treatment with lovastatin and atorvastatin is more effective in patients with CC genotype for raising HDL particles activity

Necrotizing pancreatitis as an unusual cause of severe abdominal pain during pregnancy

Acute pancreatitis is an uncommon cause of abdominal pain during pregnancy that may become severe and rarely progresses to a necrotizing form with a high maternofetal mortality even in young patients[1, 2]. A small number of pregnant women with acute pancreatitis have an associated hyperlipidemia, usually hypertriglyceridemia while in all these cases, pancreatitis is mild in severity and is responsive to conservative medical management[2.3]. We present a case of necrotizing pancreatitis in a 25 years old pregnant woman at 34 weeks of gestation, who presented with acute abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting that required operative management

Comparison of intraocular pressure and hemodynamic response subsequent to tracheal tube versus laryngeal tube insertion during general anesthesia

It is well accepted that intraocular pressure should be controlled during general anesthesia [G/A] for intraocular procedures. This study was performed to compare the effects of the laryngeal and tracheal tubes on intraocular pressure [IOP], mean arterial pressure [MAP] and heart rate [HR] during the course of G/A. Eighty adult patients were randomly allocated to two groups for cataract surgery. Group A [n=40] underwent laryngeal tube [LT] placement and group B [n=40] had tracheal tube [TT] insertion. Anesthesia was induced by midazolam, fentanyl, propofol and atracurium and was maintained by propofol and 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. IOP, MAP and HR were measured before and 3 minutes after induction of G/A, 1 and 5 minutes after tube placement, at the end of the operation, and 1 minute after extubation. The IOP at 1 minute after removal of the tubes was significantly higher in the TT group than the LT group. The MAP at 1 minute and heart rate at 1 and 5 minutes after placement of the tubes were significantly higher in TT group than the LT group. In the course of G/A, using the same anesthetic agents such as propofol, and atracurium, LT had better control than TT on IOP, MAP and HR

Cardiopulmonary arrest outcome in Nemazee hospital, southern Iran

Many factors are important determinants in the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR] such as quality of CPR, age of patients, co morbidities, time and location of arrest, and skill of rescuers. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of CPR in Shiraz, southern Iran. From October 2007 to March 2008, all patients who received in-hospital CPR in Nemazee Hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences were enrolled. Two standard scales of ROSC [Return of Spontaneous Circulation] and DR [Discharge Rate] were used to evaluate the efficacy of CPR. Two hundred and seventy one patients [45.1%] had ROSC while 329 [54.9%] died immediately after resuscitation. Among ROSC patients, 18 [6.6%] cases were discharged from the hospital [3% of study population]. Although ROSC was comparable with developed countries, but the DR was lower. It shows that in our area, post-resuscitation care needs more attention in relation to organized trainings and the skills in post-resuscitation care together with expansion of the facilities

[Effect of hydrostatic pressure on PC12 cell line]

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on cell viability, apoptosis induction, morphology and cell-substrate interactions of PC 12 cells. PC 12 as a neuronal cell line maintained in RPMI 1640 culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. PC 12 cells were subjected to hydrostatic pressure. Experimental pressure condition was 100mmHg set above atmospheric pressure for 2 h. Controls were treated identically except for the application of pressure. Dye exclusion was used for viability assay, TUNEL staining was used for apoptosis detection. Cell area was assessed as morphometry and then cell adhesion, extension and migration were investigated. Hydrostatic pressure had not changed viability of cells. It induced apoptosis in PC 12 cells. In addition, hydrostatic pressure reduced cell area, adhesion, extension and migration ability of these cells [P<0.05]. Hydrostatic pressure may induce apoptosis in PC 12 cells as a result of inappropriate cell to substrate adhesion. Thus it is suggest that occurring apoptosis in these cells be an anoikis cell death induced by loss of attachment to the substrate